Highly Radio Sensitive Tumors

What will we do if we know that a Tumor is Highly Radiosenstive?
WE SMiLe:

So here goes the list of Highly Radiosensitive tumors - WE SMiLe:
Wilm's
Ewing's
Seminoma
Myeloma
Lymphoma

Myocardial infarction

Many many thanks to Karun Kumar for sending his self made mnemonics on MI. Please note that he has included some hindi mnemonics in this post.

Definition (CAP)

• Evidence of myocardial necrosis with any 1 of the following:

1. Cardiac biomarkers (pref. Troponins) showing sudden rise or fall
2. Sudden unexpected cardiac death involving cardiac Arrest
3. Pathological findings of acute MI

Signs of MI (windows VISTA)

1. Vagal activation (vomiting, bradycardia)
2. Impaired myocard. Func. (s1,s2 soft; hypotension; inc. JVP; Oliguria; Cold, clammy skin)
3. Sympathetic activation (Pallor, sweating, tachycardia)
4. Tissue damage (Low grade fever)
5. A complication (MR / VSD producing pansystolic murmur

Enzymes elevated in MI (TALC - talcum powder)

1.  Troponin T/I
2.  AST
3.  LDH
4.  CK-MB

Complications of MI

• Immediate (RAILgaadi)

a) RV infarction
b) Arrythmias (VT, AF, VF) - may also be due to I.v. Xylocaine overdose
c) LHF

• Early (PSVT ka MELA laga hua hai !!)

a) Pericarditis

b) Sudden death

c) VSD

d) Thromboembolic complications (Pulmonary, Arterial)

e) MR (Papillary muscle dysfunction or rupture)

f)  LV free wall rupture (Pericardial tamponade)

g) Arterial compl. (same as mentioned in d) )

•  Late (PADS)

a) Psychological reaction (DADDA- Denial, Acceptance, Dependency, Depression, Adjustment - this is from earliest change to last)
b) Arrythmias (ventricular like VF, VT)
c) Dressler’s syndrome (Autoimmune phenomenon characterized by fever, pericarditis, pleuritis, pneumonitis)
d) Shoulder (Frozen shoulder) – Pain n stiffness of left shoulder

More mind maps / flow charts in pathology

We have earlier published
Here's more pathology mindmaps from http://www.pathologymindmap.com/

Causes of Hematuria : Video mnemonic

Nice video mnemonic submitted by http://www.youtube.com/user/mnemzoid . I would suggest that to remember better, you modify the mnemonic SITTT to ShITT in the closet. But please note it's not related to shit but to pee :-)

Causes of Vitamin B12 deficiancy

Here's a video mnemonic for causes of Vitamin B12 deficiancy

Causes of Osteoporosis

Thanks to Jishu JP for sending me this mnemonic from his website for medical students http://mbbsmadeeasy4u.blogspot.com/

Causes of osteoporosis are ACCESS :

Alcohol

Corticosteroids

Calcium deficiancy (low intake)

Eostrogen deficiency

Smoking

Drugs causing hepatic necrosis

Remember "Very Angry Hepatocytes":
Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
Halothane

Adhesion Molecules involved in Cancer Pathology

To remember the adhesion molecules involved in invasion by local cancer cells remember FeViCoL:
FibronEctin
VImentin
COllagen
Laminin

Free online classes for medical students

Well if your professor is not so good at teaching, here is Dr. Najeeb, a great teacher to take classes for you. Hear hime at your leisure when you are relaxed as you will remember things better that way. He deals with the most complex topics including Immunology, Nephrotic and nephritic syndrome, Renin Angiotensin system, basal ganglia, cardiac cycle, ECG, blood supply to CNS etc and more topics being added. Visit his online classroom whenever you wish at http://www.youtube.com/user/DoctorNajeeb

Pathology Mind Maps

Mind Maps have been refered to in our previous blogs. Here is a book preview of Pathology Mind Maps.

Wilm's Tumor - Mnemonics notes

Introducing new mnemonic notes. Make your own notes with mnemonics embeded. Take for instance this notes on Wilm's tumor. Try to remember the facts with the 'W' of Wilms as shown below:

Signs of Shock

Signs of SHOCK are SHOCK:
Sinus tachycardia
Hypotension
Oliguria
Cold and Clammy extremities
Kapillary refilling is slow (Read Capillary as Kapillary)

Diagnosis of SLE

Symptoms, signs and laboratory findings  to diagnose SLE:
Remember MD SOAP BRAIN ( To pass your MD exam, you need to SOAP your professors and need BRAIN )

Malar rash
Discoid rash

Serositis
Oral ulcers
Arthritis
Photosensitivity


Blood abnormalities
Renal involvement 
ANA positive
Immunologic abnormalities
Neurologic abnormalities

Sickle Cell Anemia

In SICKle cell anemia (HBS), the abnormality is in the SICKsth position of Beta chain of HB. Valine is present instead of Glutamic acid, i.e. Glutamic acid Goes.
Or remember: Sickle cell anemia is a Genetic Variation - Glutamic is replaced by Valine

Coagulation factors consumed in clot

The factors consumed in clot are 1, 2, 5, 8. You can remember this by imagining a watch showing the time as 12:58 - 1,2,5,8 ; Also imagine CFC (Clotting factors consumed) written on the watch.

Another mnemonic was sent by our reader Mr. Shiva; Shiva just keeps singing 1,2,5,8 what do we appreciate? clots!

Amyloidosis of Spleen

There are 2 types of Amyloidosis of spleen - Sago spleen and Lardaceous spleen
What is the difference between the two?
Remember - Super Fast bus has Less Passengers (SF-LP)
Sago spleen - Amyloid deposit in Follicles
Lardaceous spleen - Amyloid deposits mostly in Pulp

Vitamin K dependent factors

To remember the vitamin K dependent factors, try to memorize this picture. They are factors 2, 7, 9, 10. The story behind the picture mnemonic. In year 2K ( = 2000 = factor 2 is K dependant ), a pregnant lady after carrying her child for 9 months, caring all 7 days a week, gave birth to a child. The child grew up, got 10 upon 10 marks.

Blood group

O Negative (O -ve) blood group is universal dONor

Pathophysiology made incredibly simple : Preview

When you want to study some tough topics, go for books with more pictures. I recommend books in the series "made ridiculously simple" and made "made incredibly simple" - these books are picture packed and also comes with more cartoons, which help you remember better.

LFT : SGOT vs SGPT, Direct BR vs Indirect BR

SGOT = AST, SGPT = ALT
SGOT is elevated in alcholic hepatitis.

I always get confused between the two. Here's how to remember: When you drink alcOHOL, you get hepatitis and your liver gets HOLes. So there are more HOLEs in SGOT - That's why SGOT is present in mitOchOndria and cytOsOl. SGPT is present only in cytosol.

To remember SGOT = AST and SGPT = ALT, strike out the common letters on both sides. You get O = S and P = L. Now remember "The OS (operting system) of your life gets corrupted with alchol". Remember OS for O=S --> SGOT = AST.

The other confusion is between Direct and Indirect bilirubin. Which is more? The level of Indirect is more - remember the number of letters in 'Indirect' are also more as compared to 'Direct'. Indirect = Unconjugated BR. ( Note that both have prefixes ). Therfore, Direct = Conjugated BR.