First Rank ( Positive symptoms ) of Schizophrenia

The Spleen

Spleen measures 1 x 3 x 5 inches, weighs 7 ounces, lies between  9 - 11 ribs.

Remeber 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 of spleen.

Shoulder Dislocation

Read the story for remembering facts about Shoulder Dislocation:
Dr. BRISTOW ( DCH ) had his shoulder dislocated following a fall, when going to BANK to PUT money. He had  a H/O shoulder dislocation while working in MILITARY long back. His friend Dr. KOCHER and his TEAM reached on the spot and reduced the dislocation.

Now here's the interpretation of the story:
DCH - Duga's test, Callway's test, Hamilton's Ruler tests are tests / signs of shoulder dislocation.
KOCHER's manoeuvre is used to reduce the dislocated shoulder - The procedure is TEAM - in this order Traction, External rotation, Adduction, Medial rotation.
Military stands for "Regimental Badge sign" which has to be assessed, if present indicates Axillary nerve injury.
Surgeries for recurrent shoulder dislocation are BRISTOW's, PUTtiplatt's, BANKart's.

What is Hillsach's lesion?
Hillsachs is a depression in Humeral Head

Sensory supply of C6

How do test the sensory supplied by C6? See the picture - it gives sensory supply of C6

Number of Bones

• Total number of bones in human body = 206. ( See the picture - bon(e) looks like 206 if altered as seen in the picture; Still you will have to use your imagination a little )

• Total no. of bones in Face = Fourteen

If you didnot understand the picture mnemonic, see the video mnemonic.

Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)

Es of GCT:

Epiphyseal tumor

Eccentric location

Enneking staging used for Benign GCT

Egg shell crackling may be elicited

Enbloc currettage is the treatment

Treatment of acute sprains

Acute sprains are treated with RICE:

Rest

Ice

Compression

Elevation

Ewings tumor

The above picture gives mnemonic for Ewing's tumor. First let us analyse the picture. Note the chick and swelling of Diaphysis of Tibia with the onion. Chick says VAC VAC VAC VACA, VAC VAC VAC AV / CV. The chick has fat and hence PAS stain positive. Note the moon and star at the top, Radio streaming music and chick fluttering it's wings up and down to the music as represented by 2 arrow marks at the left side. See the melted snow below the bone and a blood vessel from the side ( left corner )
Now, this is what the picture says: Ewings - the chick with wings; Arises from Diaphysis, most common bone is Tibia. Seen in children as represented by the chick. Onion represents the onion peel appearance in X-rays. The wings going up and down ( arrows ) represent that the size of tumor increases and decreases ( H/O Exacerbations and remissions ). The moon & star represents the clinical feature that pain is worse at night. Radio represents that the tumor is extremely radiosensitive - therefore melts like snow. Spread is by blood vessels and lymphatics.  And what the chick says is the chemotherapy regimen - VAC ( Vincristine, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide ), VACA ( VAC + Actinomycin ), AV alternating with CV.

Causes of Tubal Pregnancy

3 important causes of tubal ectopics: STD, IUCD, PID or STD, IUCD, PID

Either remember that all these end with 'D' or remember SIPping a straw which is a 'tube'

Litzman and Naegele's obliquity

(Remember: PLAN)

Posterior asynclytism = Litzman obliquity;

Anterior = Naegele's obliquity

Pulled Elbow

Pulled elbow is seen in Pediatric population ( 2-5 yrs ). Clinical feature - Forearm is in Pronation. 

Till what age can you expect pulled ELBOW - Count the number of letters in elbow = 5 --> 5 yrs.

Tractions in Orthopaedics

• BUck's traction - Skin traction ( Remember: BUS )
• RUSsel's traction - for Trochanteric fracture ( Remember: RUST )
• Crutchfield traction - for Cervical spine injury
• Dunlops Traction - for SupraCondylar fracture ( Remember: DiSCo )
• Bryant's and Gallows tractions - for Shaft Femur fractures ( BSF, GSF - Boys School Federation, Girls School Federation :-) Tell me if you get a better mnemonic )

Common types of Dislocations

• PateLLa dislocates Laterally
• Most common Shoulder dislocation type is anterior; Most commonly Hip and Elbow dislocation is posterior ( Remember Ladies first,  She - anterior, HE - posterior )

Sprengel's shoulder

SprEngel's ShouldEr means Scapula Elevated congenitally

Function of introssei

Function of Palmar introssei is ADduction; Dorasal introssei - ABduction ( Remember: PAD - DAB )

Anatomy of Thoracic duct

Thoracic duct lies between Azygous vein and Oesophagous 

Remember: The DUCK is between two gooses (duck = thoracic duct) 2 gooses = azyGOOSE and esophaGOOSE (see picture)

Muscles supplied by Radial nerve

Radial nerve innervates the BEST :

Brachioradialis,

Extensors,

Supinator,

Triceps

Lengths of intestines

• Lengths of first 3 parts of the digestive system after the stomach i.e. Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum: 

To remember the lengths , remember the story of a tiger, which ate a dozen doctors who had gone to the forest for a picnic, including the famous Doctor Indiana Jones. News reported in Radio: One (tiger) Ate 12 (1-8-12) , including Dr. Indiana Jones referring to 1, 8 and 12 feets, which are the respective  lengths of Duodenum, Ileum and Jejunum.

• Lengths of 4 parts of Duodenum ( Remember : 1-2-3-4 = 2-3-4-1 ) :

1st part = 2 inches

2nd part = 3"

3rd part = 4"

4th part = 1"

Scrotum layers

Layers of scrotum from outside in:

Remember - Some Dirty Englishmen Called It Testis :

Skin,

Dartos,

External spermatic fascia,

Cremasteric,

Internal spermatic fascia,

Testis

Innervation of Extra Occular muscles

Remember LR6SO4 :

Lateral Rectus is supplied by 6th cranial nerve,

Superior Oblique by 4th

and the rest of extraoccular muscles by occulomotor. 

Teeth

• Formula for adult (permanant) teeth:

2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2 Premolars, 3 Molars (Remember: In India Crooked Politicial Pimps Make Maximum Money)

• Milk teeth:

First molar erupts between first year to 1 1/2 years; Second molar by second year .

When does the CANIne tooth erupt? It asks, "Can I erupt between 1 & 2 yrs (1 1/2 -- 2 years)

Visual Mnemonics for Microbiology & Immunology

Garre osteomyelitis

Sclerotic osteomyelitis of Garrie is a chronic or Subacute osteomyelitis. Affects Subperiosteal region of bone. Seen in the Small (Children and young adults)

Beta receptor actions

Beta - 1 primarily acts on heart,

Beta - 2 on airways.

Remember: You have 1 heart and 2 lungs

Dapsone

Mechanism of action is by inhibiting the synthesis of Dihydrofolic acid

Dosage of DapsONE is 100 mg/day - ONE hundreD mg per Day

Treatment of Dermatitis herpetiformis = Dapsone

Dapsone is used to treat many Dermatological conditions (A to Z : Acne, Behcets, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Lupus erythematosus, Leprosy, Mycetoma, Pemphigus, Pyoderma gangrenosum, Rhinosporidiosis, spider bites etc etc !!!)

Side effects of Dapsone : blooD ( methemoglobinemia, hemolysis and anemia), Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome ( Mainly Dermatological manifestations - Mononucleosis like rash, skin eruptions, etc), Hepatotoxity etc.

Pyrimidines

Which are the pyrimidines?

Remember: Pyrimidines are CUT from purines 

Cytosine,

Uracil,

Thymine

Hydrocortisone

Name a LOW potency steroid = H(IGH)ydrocortisone

Nafrelin, Goserelin, Busrelin

Nafrelin is given Intra Nasally, Gosrelin is given Subcutaneous ( Remember Goose Skin ), Busrelin is given by Both these routes

Cotrimoxazole

In a tablet of Co-trimoxazole the ratio of Trimethoprim : Sulphamethoxazole is 1:5 ( Imagine "T" look like "1" and "S" like "5" ). It is given 2 times daily ( remember that it is a combination of 2 drugs)

Memory retention tips

Picture Mnemonics for Nursing - Very useful for medicos

Hormones from Ovary and Testis

Ovary secretes Relaxin, Inhibin, Progesterone, Estrogen. ( Remember ovaries are RIPE with hormones ).

Testis secretes testosterone, inhibin, and mullerian-inhibiting hormones. ( Remember that testis make Mr. TIM strong ).

Hypersensitivity reactions

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

Remember ACID

Type I ----- Anaphylaxis 
Type II ---- Cytotoxic-mediated 
Type III --- Immune-complex 
Type IV ---  Delayed hypersensitivity 

Normal Differential Count Values

WBC Differential Count (DC) :

Remember :"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" and "60, 30, 6, 3, 1" 

Neutrophils 60% 
Lymphocytes 30% 
Monocytes 6% 
Eosinophils 3% 
Basophils 1%

Sodium and Potassium

Sodium is EXtracellular, Potassium INtracellular (SEX, PIN)

What are normal values of Sodium and Potassium in serum ? They are 135 - 145 and 3.5 - 5.5 respectively. I used to get confused between these values when I first heard them. This is how I remembered it: Sodium is EXTRAcellular - has EXTRA values, so the larger value is for it - that is 1-3-5, the first three odd numbers and for the smaller potassium, take only second & third odd numbers i.e. 3-5, make it to 3.5

Iron content in body and in milk

Total quantity of " I R O N " in human body is 4 gms (=  number of letters inthe word " I R O N ")

Iron content in Milk = 0.4 mg

Essential amino acids

REMEMBER- Mr. Thomas Parker Very ILL, Admitted in Hospital on THuRsday

Methionine,

Tryptophan,

Phenylalanine,

Valine,

Isoleucine,

Lysine,

Leucine,  

Arginine,

Histidine,

THReonine 

Stye and Chalazion

STYE is Hordeolum externum (STAY OUT) ; Moll's gland / Zeis gland affected

Chalazion is Hordeolum INternum - Chronic Inflammatory granuloma of MEiBOMian glands (Remember : See (C)  me in Bombay)

Austin flint murmur

Austin FlInt murmur is heard in Aortic Incompetence

Criggler Najjar Syndrome, Gilbert syndrome

What is the problem in Criggler NaJJar & Gillbert syndrome?
The defect is in CoNJuGatIon

Aphasia

Sensory (Wernick's) and Motor (Broca's) aphasias :

WErnicke's area - Sensory speech area is situated in Temporal lobe. (Remember: WEST ).

BROca's motor area cause BROken speech is in the Frontal cortex. (Remember: BF = Bollywood Film)

Parkinsonism - Clinical features

Clinical diagnosis of Parkinsonism:

Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural abnormality (Remember: life is in TRAP with Parkinsonism)

Meningitis - Causitive organism

Which organisms cause meningitis in a BabE (baby) ?

Group B Streptococcus & E.coli

Milard Gubler Syndrome

Which cranial nerves are affected in MILLARD GUBLER syndrome?

They are 6th  & 7th cranial nerves - Just count the number of letters in Millard (=7) & Gubler (=6)

Incubation periods

Incubation periods:

Diptheria  : 1-7 days

Pertusis  : 7-14 days

Chickenpox  : 14-21 days 

{Remember: DPC instead of DPT}

Osler's and Janeway's nodes

oSler'as nodes are found in Subacute bacterial endocarditis

jAneway's-Acute bacterial endocarditis

Enteric fever

The investigations to be done in enteric fever: (Remember BASU)

1st week - Blood,

2nd week - Agglutination(WIDAL),

3rd week - Stool,

4th week - Urine 

The Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias (MEN)

Each of the MENs is a disease of two or three letters plus a feature. 

MEN I is a disease of 3 P's ( Pituitary, Parathyroid, and Pancreas) plus adrenal cortex 
MEN II is a disease of 2 C's ( Carcinoma of thyroid and Catacholamines [pheochromocytoma]) plus parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB

Branchial Cyst

Branchial cyst (begins with "B" , which is the second english alphabet) - Arises from the second branchial cleft

Troisier's sign & Trousseau's sign

TroIsier's is Virchows node +ve ( IV line)

Trousseau's sign: Thrombophlebitis migrans

Basal & Squamous cell Carcinoma

BAsal cell carcinoma is also called RODent ulcer and arises from Pylosebacious Adnexia {Remember BARODA & BAPA}.

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the Prickle cell layer of Malphigian layer of skin {Remember: SPM - Social and Preventive Medicine}

Complications of Undescended Testis

Remember ASEPTIC:

Atrophy,

Sterlity,

Epididymo orchitis,

Pain,

Torsion,

Indirect inguinal hernia,

Carcinoma

Pupil

Argyll-Robertson Pupil : Remember A-R-P, P-R-A : Accomodation Reflex Present, Pupilary Reflex Absent. Pupillary reflex absent due to damage at Pretectal area. Also called the "Prostitute's pupil" (Syphilitic pupil)

What is HIPpus: It is alternate RYTHMic contractions and dialatation of the pupil. (Remember, the pupil plays HIP HOP to RYTHM)

Joke: The need for Mnemonics

The greatest enemy of memory during a viva is anxiety. This was an incident related by one of my favorite teachers when I was a first year medical student. It was a Viva session in physiology practicals. The candidate was asked how to test Glossopharyngeal and Vagus nerve functions. Due to tension he was sweating and could not recall anything. The examiner was sympathetic with him a gave him a clue - "something in the mouth" (He wanted to get the answer that he would check the position of UVULA). At this, the confused candidate burst out "Sir, we can check the position of VULVA after asking the patient to say AAH".

Pharmacology memory cards

Signs in Thyroid opthalmopathy

Kocher's sign - Starring look (Imagine a football coach starring at his player - Starring Kocher!)
STeLLwag's sign - Infrequent blinking (STiLL lids)
DaRLymple sign - LiD Retraction
Joffroy's sign - Absent Wrinkles (Remeber JAWs)  or alternatively decreased Forhead (F for joFFroy's) wrinkles on upgaze. 

Moebius sign - Weakness of convergence (M|W) or MCC - Mobieus Can't Converge

Von Graefe's - Lid Lag (Remember that some people think that ViaGra is used to improve the Love Life)

Trachoma

Herbert's pit are found in Trachoma. Classification is McCallan's Classification
Remember herberTs piTs TraChoMa McCallans
                                 T   T    C  M  M C

Corneal scars

Denseness of corneal scars increases in the order Nebula < Macula < Leukoma (i.e. L,M,N in reverse order)

Nystagmus with ear stimulation

When left ear irrigated with warm water, nystagmus occurs to left side and when cold water is used, it occurs to right side. Remember COWS - Cold Opposite, Warm Same side

True Rosette and Pseudorosette

tRue Rosette - flexneR witersteineR in Retinoblastoma
PsUeDO Rosettes - HOMEr wRIGHT in Neuro / Medullo blastoma ( U DO your HOMEwork RIGHT by cracking your brain using neuro/medullo)

Ricketsial diseases and causitive organisms

Ricketsial POX : R. AKArI (see the picture above - AKAI)
ePidemic typhus : R. Prowazekii
Rocky mountain spotted fever : R. Riketssi
Q - Fever : COXiella BURNetti ( Imagine Camel & OX walking in a queue i.e. "Q" in a BURNing desert)
Srub typhus : R. TSUTSUgamushi (Imagine the sound while scrubbing - TSU TSU TSU TSUgamushi; alternatively remember only SUsugamushi, with "t" silent for ScrUb). SCRub typhus causes eSChaR

The Sphingolipidoses

Enzyme defects in various Sphingolipidoses:

GaUChers Disease: beta GlUCosidase

Fabry's : ALpha gALactosidase

Nieman Pick : Sphingomyelinase (Remember Need P(f)or Speed)

Tay-Sachs : Hexosaminidose (Remember TSH)

Microbiology - Special Stains

You know Gram stain is for Bacteria, Acid Fast for Mycobacterium (also Nocardia). Remember other special stains below:


Giemsa : CAmpylobacter, Malaria, Leishmaniasis (CAMeL) (Remember the picture of Giemsa Camel above)
Silver stain : pNEumocystis (CARnii), FUNgi, LEGionella (Remember the picture above : it's a SILVER NEW CAR with FUNny LEGs)
MuciCaRmine - CRyptococci
Periodic Acid Schiff: FUNgi, amoeba (A FUNny amoeba just PASsed away)

About Pheochromocytoma

Remember the rule of 10s:

Remember 10% BCEFM

10% Bilateral

10% Calcified

10% Extra adrenal

10% Familial

10% Malignant

More PDA Pnemonics Downloads

Download (Freeware: minimum requirement • Palm OS v 2.0 ) from pdacortex.com

Software - PDA Medical Mnemonics download

Download Medical Mnemonics for Palm OS

(Provided by medicalmnemonics.com)

Links

Video lecture : Anatomy mnemonics

Endodermal pouches

Endodermal pouches form the following organs / glands:
You have 1 tongue and 2 tonsils

• So from Ventral part of 1st Endodermal pouch forms the tongue
• From ventral part of 2nd Endodermal pouch forms tonsils

From THIrd endodermal pouch forms THymus and Inferior parathyroid
Note that superior parathyroid and follicular C - cells of thyroid forms from the 4th endodermal pouch (The superior and more complicated one arises from the fourth)

Links

http://www.medicalmnemonics.com

Root values

• Reflexes - root values
  

one, two, buckle my Shoes (Ankles are fitted into shoes, so ANKLE JERK- S1, S2)
Three, four, clean the fLoor (While cleaning the floor you rest on your knees, so KNEE JERK- L3,L4)
Five, six, pick up sticks (Pick up sticks using biceps, so BICEPS REFLEX- C5,C6; Same as Supinator jerk)

Seven, eight, open the gate (use your triceps,so TRICEPS REFLEX- [C6], C7,C8