Physiology MCQs SEQs OSCEs and way to remember them

Check out this site where you can study physiology through MCQs, SEQs and OSCEs with explanation and link to mnemonics. Visit http://www.physiologyexam.com/

Causes of Vitamin B12 deficiancy

Here's a video mnemonic for causes of Vitamin B12 deficiancy

Order of closure of heart valves

Remember " Heart is a Mighty TAP which closes in this order":
The order of closure of heart valves is Mitral - Tricuspid - Aortic - Pulmonary.

Carotid Sinus (Bulb) and Carotid Body

Do you get confused between the two? Carotid sinus, also called Carotid Bulb is a localised dialatation of the internal carotid artery at its origin and senses pressure changes. Carotid body is a set of chemoreceptors and supporting cells situated at the bifurcation of carotid artery and senses Partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2).
To remember the above facts see the picture below. The Bulb is under pressure of somebody's chappels. So carotid bulb senses pressure. (Alternatively remember Carotid SinuS - preSSure). On the right is somebody with a strong BODY with O2 written over him, so that helps to remember carotid BODY senses pO2. (Alternatively, remember Carotid bO2dy senses O2).

Free online classes for medical students

Well if your professor is not so good at teaching, here is Dr. Najeeb, a great teacher to take classes for you. Hear hime at your leisure when you are relaxed as you will remember things better that way. He deals with the most complex topics including Immunology, Nephrotic and nephritic syndrome, Renin Angiotensin system, basal ganglia, cardiac cycle, ECG, blood supply to CNS etc and more topics being added. Visit his online classroom whenever you wish at http://www.youtube.com/user/DoctorNajeeb

MAO-A and MAO-B Isoenzyme locations

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) isoenzyme locations are as follows:
MAO-A is located in Alimentary tract (intestine) and Adrenergic peripheral structures.
MAO-B is located in Brain and Blood platelets.

Anion gap mnemonics

These are famous picks to remember conditions showing variations in anion gap:

• Anion gap is increased in MUDPILES: methanol, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis, propylene glycol, isoniazid, lactic acidosis, ethylene glycol, salicylates
• Anion gap is Normal in FUSEDCARS: fistula (pancreatic), uretogastric conduits, saline administration, endocrine (hyperparathyrdoism), diarrhea, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), ammonium chloride, renal tubular acidosis, spironolactone
• Anion gap is DECREASED in conditions associated with HYPOalbuminemia (Causes of which are Hemorrage and NIL - Nephrotic syndrome, Intestinal obstruction, Liver cirrhosis)

Respiratory and Metabolic Alkalosis and Acidosis Mnemonics

Remember ROME = Respiratory Opposite, Metabollic Equal.
Explanation: Usually when pH decreases it is called acidosis and increase in pH is called alkalosis. There is no confusion to this point. Also I hope that you know that changes in PCO2 will lead to Respiratory acidosis / alkalosis and that in PHCO3 will lead to Metabolic acidosis / alkalosis. You can remember this by thinking that you respire PCO2 outside.
Next, take the mnemonic ROME - In Respiratory alkalosis / acidosis, the pH and PCO2 levels are Opposite; This means that in Respiratory acidosis (which means pH is low) the PCO2 will be high or in other words low pH with high PCO2 is called Respiratory acidosis. In respiratory alkalosis there is high pH and low PCO2. In Metabollic acidosis / alkalosis, the pH and PHCO3 levels are Equal (Not quantitively, but it means that increased pH and increased PHCO3 is the situation in Metabollic alkalosis and both are decreased in Metabolic acidosis).

To remeber this in another way: In METabollic acidosis / alkalosis the values of pH and PHCO3 MEET. In Respiratory there are like RX - 'X' denotes into mark for opposite.  Respiratory Raja's fight.

Functions of Temporal Lobe of Brain

Remember the functions when you wear a HELMet over your temporal lobe:
Hearing
Emotional
Learning
Memory

Fallot's tetrology

This video demonstrates the pathology in Tetrology of Fallot with open and closed Ductus arteriosus. Video animations are a great memory aid.

Body song video

The Body Song uses a kind of lecture form of text utilising medical terminology concerned with the horizon of bodily interiority. This treats the body as a kind of tube through which the nomenclature wanders, territorialising the body into zones of disembodied light (the Eye) and corporeal-but-sanitised filth (the digestive tract). The visuals present a kind of medical lecture in which the orator is eventually subsumed within and excreted from the interior of the corpus being illustrated.

Note: This was the 'blurb' from the "Liminal" interactive CD-ROM (2000). The video was made on a Mac in c.1997-8, using 3D animation and compositing, with footage shot in St. Petersburg, Russia. The music was composed by Glenn Rogers, performed by Alistair Foote, Penelope Reynolds and Samantha Podeu. Audio production by Alistair Dudfield. © Peter Morse 1997.

Signs of Shock

Signs of SHOCK are SHOCK:
Sinus tachycardia
Hypotension
Oliguria
Cold and Clammy extremities
Kapillary refilling is slow (Read Capillary as Kapillary)

Renal physiology

This diagram is taken from the book "Clinical Physiology made Ridiculously simple". You can use it for Pharmacology dugs (mechanism of action) also.

Mitosis and Meosis

• Stages of mitosis:

( Remember PROfessor MAT taught us Mitosis )
PROphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

• Stages of meosis are Prophase-I, Metaphase-I, Anaphase-I, Telophase-I, followed by Prophase-II, Metaphase-II, Anaphase-II, Telophase-II

( Remember PROfessor MAT taught me meosis twice - I & II )

• mItosis gives 2 dIploid daughter ceels
• MEosis keeps ME very HAPpy with 4 HAPloid daughter cells
  

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance

Finding it difficult to remember fluid and electrolyte imbalance? Well, try this book:

Vitamin D metabolism

UV rays from sun act on skin, convert Cholecalciferol (CC) --> 25 Hydroxy CC in liver --> 1,25 Di Hydroxy CC in kidney.
So there are two hydroxylation reactions, first in Liver, second in Kidney. Remember this: You have 1 liver, 2 kidneys; So hydroxylation 1st reaction in your 1 liver and 2nd hydroxylation in 2 kidneys.

Pathophysiology made incredibly simple : Preview

When you want to study some tough topics, go for books with more pictures. I recommend books in the series "made ridiculously simple" and made "made incredibly simple" - these books are picture packed and also comes with more cartoons, which help you remember better.

Vestibular apparatus

Vestibular apparatus has Cristae and Macula. CristAe detects Angular acceleration and MacuLa Linear acceleration.

Innervation of Extra Occular muscles

Remember LR6SO4 :

Lateral Rectus is supplied by 6th cranial nerve,

Superior Oblique by 4th

and the rest of extraoccular muscles by occulomotor. 

Pyrimidines

Which are the pyrimidines?

Remember: Pyrimidines are CUT from purines 

Cytosine,

Uracil,

Thymine